Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Heart

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human marrow squashThe effect is a muscular pump, cone shaped, asinine organ that lies in the chest cavity, the apex inclining towards the left cavity. It is divided into four areas, the upper right and left atria and the lower right and left ventricles.A muscular wall called the septum down the centre separates oxygenated from deoxygenated smear. The hearts purpose is to circulate blood throughout the body.The wall of the heart has troika stratums the Inner layer (endocardium).The bosom layer (myocardium).The outer layer (pericardium).The action on the left boldness is to receive blood from the lungs and to force it around the body. The action on the right side forces blood into the lungs to be oxygenated.Valves are found between the atria on upper part and ventricles on lower part.Cardiac CycleThere are three stages to the event of a heartbeat. phone line enters the heart, the atria and ventricles are both relaxed or DIASTOLE. Blood enters the atria while all the valves are closed.Blood is wield from the upper atria to the lower ventricles. galvanising impulses from the pacemaker cause the atria to contract ATRIAL SYSTOLE. Blood is wield to the ventricles. The angular and bicuspid valves open. The vena cava and pulmonary veins close to stop blood entering the atria.Blood leaves the heart and the atria relax. Impulses from the av node cause the ventricles to contract. This is called ventricular systole. Blood id forced out of the heart into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. shove forces the semilunar valves to open. Pressure closes the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. Ventricles relax again. Semilunar valves close which prevents blood from flowing back into the heart or ventricles. The vena cava and pulmonary veins open and the cycle starts again.Blood ramBlood pressure is the power exerted by the blood against the blood vessels walls , and and the arteries, while it becomes lower in the veins and capillaries.Blood pressure is read with a sphygomomanometre.SYSTOLICHeart is contracting blood pressure reaches its highest point.DIASTOLICPressure reaches its lowest level when the heart IS restful.High Blood Pressure or Hypertension.CausesNarrowing of the arteries, Kidney disease, smoking. Diet, hereditary factors including direction and medication. High blood pressure is maintained at a high level everyplace a period of time.SymptomsHeart attack, Stroke, Kidney complaints, Angina.Low Blood Pressure or Hypotension.CausesLow blood pressure is maintained over a period of time. It can be shock or an underactive Adrenal glands, or hereditary factors.SymptomsFainting and dizziness.CARDIAC OUTPUTVolume of blood pumped out of the heart.When cardiac output increases blood pressure increases.RESISTANCE OFFERED BY ARTERIOLES (small arteries).Narrowing of blood vessels can result from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels. The greater the narrowing the higher the blood pressure.TOTAL BLOOD VOLUMEB lood pressure is take down if the amount of circulating blood is reducedVISCOSITY OF BLOODThe lower the viscosity the lower the blood pressure.ELASTICITY OF ARTERY WALLSWhen arteries harden there is a loss of elasticity and blood pressure is raised. construction of Arteries Veins and CapillariesCharacteristics of capillariesCharacteristics of veinsCharacteristics of arteriesDistribute oxygen nutrients to all cells of bodyVeins transport blood to HeartArteries transport blood from the heartTransport Carbon Dioxide other waste away from cells.Transport deoxygenated blood except pulmonaryArteries transport oxygenated blood except the pulmonary.Capillaries are smallest blood vessel. whiz cell thick,Veins widen a high concentration of urea waste,Arteries have an abundance of nutrients.Capillaries have thin walls.Not as muscular elastic compared to arteries. viscoelastic Walls.Muscular.The fluid, mostly water nutrients filters out of walls bathes body tissue.The Lumen, i.e. the p assage is large.The Lumen i.e. the passage is small.Valves stop the blood flowing back.Pumped by skeletal passs.Arteries are pumped by heart muscle tissue in the artery wall.Blood under low PressureBlood under high pressure. worn muscleSmooth muscleCardiac muscleVoluntaryInvoluntaryInvoluntaryStripped With Protein Bands.Non Stripped. Or Non-Striated.Is The Pump To Power The HeartJoined Onto The Bones.We Have No Control Over Them.Only pitch In The HeartConsciously ControlFound In The Digestive System, Respiratory System And The Genito Urinary System. outer(prenominal) Fibres Are Striated Or StripedNumerous NucleiAutomatically Work.Only One Nucleus.Made Of Fibres That constitute A Group Of Cells.One NucleusLooks Like Skeletal Muscle.Largest Cells In The BodySpindle Shape With No Distinct Membrane.S heating ashesh On Outer MuscleRegulate The Flow Of Blood In Arteries.Fibres Form Into Bundles And Go In The Same Direction.Moves Your Dinner Along Through Your Gastrointestinal Tract.R egulate The Flow Of Air Through The Lungs.Help Deliver Babies From The Uterus. How Muscles and Skeleton utilization together to create movementA muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement.Muscles are connected to drum by tendon.Tendons pull on a bone when a muscle contracts and sponsors it move.Usually, muscles work in antagonistic pairs. In each pair there is a relaxing muscle and a controlling muscleAntagonistic muscles must contract and relax equally to verify a non-jerky smooth movement. An example is the biceps muscle on top of the humerus. The arm is moved upwards. At the same time the triceps is relaxed.Body moves when the muscles contract and produce movement in the joints of the skeleton,Muscles stabilise the joints,Muscles maintain posture control.Muscles embolden in temperature control e.g., shivering.Axial muscles Skeletal Muscles of the trunk or head e.g. trapezius muscle.Appendicular Muscles Skeletal muscles of the limbs e.g. biceps triceps. These two mu scles contract and relax equally to ensure a smooth, non-jerky movement.Composition of boneBones are living tissue. They contain Osteoblasts which are responsible for making the collagen rich substance osteoid, which is key in expression bone.They compose of cells called Osteoclasts that maintain the bone structure. The cells travel around the the bone to areas in need of resorption.They compose of compact bone which accounts for 80% of the bodys bone mass.They compose of cancellate bone makes up 20% of the bodies bone mass. It has a honeycomb structure.STRUCTURE OF A LONG BONEExternal structureLong bones fornexamole the femur in the leg are enclosed in a membrane called the periosteum. This membrane contains blood vessels and nerves. The long shaft of a bine is called the epiphysis.Internal StructureCompact boneSpongy boneMedullary cavityCompact boneIs mostly found in the shaft or diaphysis of a bone. It is also found around the end or epiphysys of a bone. When under a microscope bones are full of holes.Haversian CanalThese are canals that run axial through compact bone. They contain blood capillaries, and nerves.Cancellous or Spongy boneThese bones are found at the end of long bones and are found in flat and irregular bones. It is spongy.Medullary CavityThe red and yellow bone marrow is stored here. suffices of the Skeleton Allows movement as joints are formed between the bones to allow the movement of the body.Provides attachment for the muscles which move the joints thus moving the body.Supports the body and gives it shape as all the other part of the body are soft and cannot stand up.It protects the delicate organs e.g. Skull as it protects the brain, the rib cage. The sternum protect the Heart and lungs.With the aid of vitamin K calcium season and phosphorus is stored in your body.Different Types of commonsFREELY MOVEABLE SYNOVIAL JOINTS Shoulder joint is called a ball and socket joint. It is the most moveable joint. It allows movement in many a(p renominal) directions. The rounded head of one bone fits into a socket or cavity in another bone.Immoveable or fixed fibrous jointsInnominate or pelvic girdle bone has no movement. There is fibrous tissue between the ends of the bones.Slightly moveable joints cartilaginousWhen two bones come together with a little cartilage in between. Some examples would be the joints between all of the vertebrae in the spine. These bones are around the discs, which are made of cartilage.Freely conveyable Synovial JointsImmoveable or Fixed Fibrous JointsSlightly Moveable Cartilaginous JointsBall Socket JointPelvic Girdle or Innominate BoneJoints surrounded by Each Vertebrae in The SpineHinge JointSutures in SkullSymphysis Pubis in The Pelvis.Gliding JointSacroiliac Joint in The PelvisPivot JointSaddle JointBody Movement of How the Skeletal and Muscular System ConnectIn the skeletal muscles, a muscle needs to pass over a joint to create movement. Tendons connects muscles to bones. When the muscl e contracts, the tendon pulls on the bone and causes it to move. Most of the time muscles work in antagonistic pairs. Each pair consists of a contracting muscle and a relaxing muscle. These two muscles must contract and relax equally to ensure a smooth, non-jerky movement.Therefore, the muscles contract and allow movement in the joints of the skeleton causing the body to move. The muscles stabilise the joints and ensure posture control. The axial muscles are the muscles of the trunk or head. Then the appendicular muscles are the skeletal muscles of the limbs, e.g. Biceps, triceps. epi dermaStructureConsists of five layers on the upper portion of the pare down. Cells in the bottom are living and carry on moving up through the layers until they die.FunctionTo protect the skin.DermisStructureLies downstairs the epidermis.The papillary layer is wavy tissue. The waste upward projections are called dermal papillae. They contain blood and lymph capillaries and nerve endings.The latticel ike layer contains the main components of the skin. It is dense and fibrous.FunctionThe papillary layer increase jump area of reproductive cells and provide living layers of epidermis with vessels which supply feeding and remove cellular waste.The reticular layer protects and repairs injured tissue.Collagen gives it strength.Elastin allows the skin to stretch easily but quickly regain its shape.Subcutaneous layerStructureLies beneath the dermis has cells called lipocytes which produce lipids which are the fat cells from which hypodermic tissue is formed.FunctionCushions muscles, bones and internal organs against shocks and blows.Sudoriferous glandsStructureFound in the dermis.Eccrine glandsFound all over the body, numerous on the palms of manpower and the soles of the feet. They produce sweat through a sweat pore.Aprocrine glands are found in the armpits, nipples and anal and venereal areas open into haircloth follicles and produce a thicker secretion.FunctionEccrine glands he lp regulate body temperature by producing sweat which evaporates off the skins surface and cools it down when it is hot.apocrine glands are under nervous control and respond to emotional, psychological and sexual stimuli.Hair folliclesStructureFound all over the body except the palms of hands and soles of the feet. It is a sac like structure which contain hairs. The base of the hair degenerates and rebuilds during the cycle of hair growth and replacement. It contains a dermal papilla which supplies blood to the base of the hair.The follicle opens at the skins surface at a follicular pore.FunctionHair follicles produce and contain hairs during their life cycle. They provide nourishment for the hairs.HairsStructureFound in the follicle in the dermis. They do not grow on lips, palms of hands, or soles of feet.The hair above the skin is called the shaft. The portion lying in the follicle is called the root.The enlarged base of the root environ the papilla is called the bulb.Hair is mad e of protein keratin.FunctionHair protects against friction and damage from external environment.Hair is a sexual characteristic.Sebaceous glandsStructureFound in the dermis and produce sebum which pass through a duct and up the hair follicle and through the skin through a follicular pore.FunctionSebum lubricates the skin and hair and combines with sweat to form the protective acid mantle of the skin.It also retains natural moisture in the skin and provides insulation.Blood VesselsstructureArteries carry oxygenated blood. Blood is pumped all around the body in arteries.Veins carry deoxygenated blood. Their walls have valves which stops blood from flowing backwards.Capillaries are fine vessels and made of a single layer of cells. Some materials can pass in and out through the thin walls of the capillaries.FunctionArteries carry oxygen and nutrients to the skin via capillaries.Veins remove waste products.The surface capillaries help to regulate body temperature.Vessels dilate and heat is lost through the skin.When the body is cold, the vessels contract and heat is retained.NervesstructureFound in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.Sympathetic nerves supply blood vessels, sweat glands and the arrector pili muscle.Nerves respond to heat, cold, pain, pressure and touch.FunctionNerve stimulation causes a reaction which triggers an appropriate reply from the body.SECTION DExamples of Viral Bacterial, Fungal Skin DiseasesViral skin diseaseBacterial skin diseaseFungal skin disease chickenpoxCellulitisAthletes Foot. Tinea PedisMumpsImpetigoRingwormHepatitis B VirusFolliculitisJock ItchGerman Measles / RubellaFuruncleFungal Nail Infection Onychomycosis kind Between Skin The Nervous SystemSensory nerve endings are situated in the skin and give us the sensation of touch.The nerve endings or receptors are specially shaped and positioned to respond to a range of different stimuli. We can distinguish heat, cold, and pain, as well as differences between light and difficult pressure.Motor nerve endings supply the muscles that make facial expressions and move the eyes, neck, and lower jaw.Made up of white or grey nerve fibres which end in sensory nerve endings.Nerve stimulation causes a reaction which sets off an appropriate response from the body.The skin also is important in helping to hold your body temperature. If you are too hot or too cold, messages are sent from the brain to the skin. The skin uses 3 methods to increase or decrease heat loss from the bodys surface these are hairs on the skin trap heat if when standing up, and less if they are lying flat glands under the skin bury sweat onto the surface of the skin in order to increase heat loss by evaporation if the body is too hot capillaries near the surface can open when your body needs to cool off and close when you need to conserve heat.Relationship Between the Skin and The Circulatory System.The circulatory system through the help of arteries, veins and small capillaries transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to the skin. This is done by the help of the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation.Arteries carry a lot of nutrients via the circulation system to the skin.Veins carry a lot of waste products like urea to the skin.The skin protects the body living tissues and the organs.It protects against the invasion of infectionIt protects from dehydration.The circulatory system protects the body against changes in temperature. The skin has nerve endings called thermoreceptors which detect hot a and cold. These receptors interact with a cluster of nerves at the centre of the brain called the hypothalamus.If you become too hot or too cold, your brain sends nerve impulses to the skin, which has three ways to to decreases or to increase heat loss from the surface of the body.BIBLIOGRAPHYBiology Plus Leaving Cert by Michael O Callaghan Edco.A Practical Guide to Beauty Therapy Level 2 By Janet Simms.InternetTeachpe.Com Free Resource For Physical Education And Sports Coaching. Teachpe.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 26 Jan. 2017.Sciencedirect.Com Science, Health And checkup Journals, Full Text Articles And Books.. Sciencedirect.com. N.p., 2017. Web. 27 Jan. 2017.Innerbody.Com Your Interactive Guide To Human Anatomy. Innerbody. N.p., 2017. Web. 30 Jan. 2017.