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The Purpose and Make up of Concrete - 1340 Words

Concrete is an artificial stone-like material used for various structural purposes. It is made by mixing a binding material (as cement) and various aggregates (inert materials), such as sand, stone chips, brick chips, brick chips, pebbles, gravel, shale, etc with water and allowing the mixture to harden by hydration. There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients below. In this way or by substitution for the cementations and aggregate phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties, Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general usage. It is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and plaster. Importance of Concrete some important of concrete are given below. Concrete is economical when ingredients are readily available. Concrete is a non-combustible material which makes it fire-safe and able to withstand high temperatures. It is resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects. Hence, concrete is often used for storm shelters. Concrete could be requested in a variety of ways. It could be requested with a considerable measure of fly ash in the mix. Fly ash is a substitute for cement. In the present paper, the addition of fly ash and an expansive agent to the concrete of or a thin layer of fly ash to the interface between steel tube and concrete to improve the compressive strength. More over This paperShow MoreRelatedAn Experiment Transpired Because Of A Fascination With Basketball1084 Words   |  5 Pagesinches, the tested variable was the basketball court surface that gave the basketball the most immense bounce. After testing each surface, the data got averaged out, and based on the statistics, the multi-purpose floor averaged .7 inches more colossal than the hardwood, and 3.7 more than concrete. Introduction â€Å"Playing basketball can be hard work. Players not only have to run around the court, but just dribbling the basketball takes some serious effort, too.† (â€Å"Surface Science: Where Does a BasketballRead MoreA Experiment On Playing Basketball1141 Words   |  5 Pagesbasketball. The tested variable was the basketball court surface that gave the basketball the highest bounce in inches. After testing each surface, the data was averaged. Based on the data, the multi-purpose floor averaged .7 inches higher than the hardwood, which was 3.3 inches higher than the concrete. Introduction â€Å"Playing basketball can be hard work. Players not only have to run around the court, but just dribbling the basketball takes some serious effort, too.† (â€Å"Surface Science: Where Does aRead MoreThe Utilization Purpose Of Lightweight Concrete1287 Words   |  6 Pages2.1.3.2.2. The utilization purpose: Lightweight concrete can also be classified according to the purpose of utilizing as: i) Structural lightweight concrete has cylinder compressive strength at 28 days equal or more than 17 MPa and the approximate density range is about 1400-1800 kg/m3. ii) Masonry concrete (structural / insulating lightweight concrete) has a compressive strength between 7-14 MPa and density range 500-800 kg/m3. iii) Insulating concrete has a compressive strength between 0.7-7 kg/m3Read MoreLab Report On Concrete Of Concrete1284 Words   |  6 PagesConcrete SAMPLING: The first step is to take a test sample from the large batch of concrete. This should be done as soon as discharge of the concrete commences. The sample should be representative of the concrete supplied. The sample is taken in one of two ways: 1. For purposes of accepting or rejecting the load: Sampling after 0.2 m3 of the load has been poured. 2. For routine quality checks: Sampling from three places in the load. Concrete Slump Test: This test is performed to check the consistencyRead MoreCharacteristics And Applications Of Types Of Specialty Concretes : Watertight Concrete ( Wc ) And Self Compacting Concrete1354 Words   |  6 Pagesimprovement of modern architectural functions, higher requirements of concrete have been put forward. Under the circumstance of high technology, concrete technology is developed towards high-strength, high-workability and high durability. Since the 1990s, along with a variety of new cementitious materials, mineral admixtures, superplasticizer and the new development and application of other additives, the production of concrete with good workability, excellent mechanical properties and also high durabilityRead MoreAqueducts Of The Roman Aqueducts1395 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion whether aqueducts were better built than today’s bridges. The word â€Å"aqueduct† is Latin and comes from â€Å"aqua† and â€Å"ducere† meaning â€Å"to lead water†. The Roman aqueducts were a network of channels and pipes built above and below ground with a purpose to carry water across expanses of land. The concept of the Roman aqueducts is simple in theory as water seeks the lowest level of a slope – making it possible to run water down a gradual slant to a destination. The pipes used in aqueducts were mostlyRead MoreCement, A Fine, Soft, Powdery Type Substance1179 Words   |  5 Pages1.3.1. Cement Cement is a fine, soft, powdery-type substance. Concrete is a fine, delicate, fine sort substance. It is produced using a blend of components that are found in natural raw materials, for example, limestone, mud, sand and/or shale. At the point when cement is blended with water, it can tie sand and rock into a hard, strong mass called concrete. Cement is a binder, a utilized as a part of construction that sets and hard and can bind tie different materials together. The most importantRead MoreBuilding A New Parking Garage Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pages CONCRETE ASSIGNMNET 1 Concrete Project Report Introduction We were requested to write a report for a client that are looking to build a new parking garage in the Bloemfontein area. The client also requsted from us to not just advise him/her on what type of concrete to be used, but also to give him/her a broad understanding of the different types of concrete. Some of the aspects that will be discussed in this report are as follows: 1. Special concrete and its application 2Read MoreComponents Of Concrete Mix Designer1363 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 INTRODUCTION The primary objective of every concrete mix designer is to achieve the desired hardened properties of concrete in the most economical way. This aim can be fulfilled if the various concrete ingredients are relatively proportioned to yield an optimized result. In order to comply with ACI recommendations, strength tests are usually performed between 7 and 28 days after the concrete has been placed. This is time consuming and also experimental errors are inevitable because the rightRead MoreFundamentals of Building Construction: The Concrete1661 Words   |  7 Pages What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry. Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates together

Financial Statement Analysis Qantas & Virgin Australia Airlines

Question: Explain briefly what is revealed by the ratios and other calculations in the context of the company's profitability, asset efficiency,liquidity,capital structure, and market performance. In particular, any important changes over the period 2013 rto 2014 should be identified, discussed and where possible, explained? Answer: Executive Summary The report has been prepared for general financial analysis comparing Qantas Airline financial position and performance in the financial years Ended 30 June 2013 and 2014 compared to that of Virgin Australia over the same period. Are You Daunted by the Thought of Due Assignments? Avail Our Services and Receive Assignment Help from Experts. Considering the different ratios it can be said that both Qantas and Virgin Australia have similar performance trend over the last two years for the different financial parameters. The overall analysis of the performance of the two companies shows that Virgin Australia has performed better than Qantas. In all the aspects it can be viewed that Virgin Australia has better managed the business and is more likely to recover from the crisis that is prevailing in the company. Qantas on the other hand will have to ensure that the situation does not deteriorate further. Introduction Financial Analysis of the company is very important from the different viewpoint. The report has been prepared for general financial analysis comparing Qantas Airline financial position and performance in the financial years Ended 30 June 2013 and 2014 compared to that of Virgin Australia over the same period. Based on the analysis the performance of the two companies has been evaluated. About the company The brief detail about the companies for which the analysis is being conducted has been provided below. Qantas The company was founded in the year 1920 and is currently the biggest domestic and international airline of Australia. The company has been struggling with the financial aspects since 2011 as the company has been impacted by certain changes in the accounting standards specifically to the impairment of assets. Apart from this the company has also entered into the alliance with UAE based Emirates Airlines. There has been focus on the reducing the fleet size and the jobs in company following the huge loss made by the company in 2014. Virgin Australia Virgin Australia Airlines is also the largest companies in Australia operating in the airlines industry. Started in 2000 with two aircrafts that were operating on single route, the company capitulated its position following the collapse of Ansett Australia in 2001. Although the company has been impacted by the financial crisis, there have been several changes in the way the company has managed and bring in the services for its customers. Financial Statement Analysis Financial Statement analysis is used by analysts for the analysis of the performance of the company. The perspective for which the analysis is being performed may be different. The two key performance indicators that are highlighted from the financial statement analysis are (Helfert, 1996) Evaluation of the performance of the company over a given period Evaluation of the performance of the company in comparison to the industry players The financial statement analysis that has been performed in this report includes the various ratios such as profitability, liquidity, efficiency, leverage and market ratios. Apart from this the general discussion has been performed with respect to the horizontal and vertical analysis. Based on all these ratios the performance of the two companies has been compared. Profitability Ratios The profitability ratios that have been calculated have been analyzed in two parts. These are the profit margin and returns. The profit margin highlights the profitability and interest expense with reference to the sales of the company and the margin that is there (Thompson, 2004). The profitability ratios associated with the return highlights the return that is generated for the equity employed, assets and the equity employed. The various ratios that have been calculated as part of the profitability ratios have been shown below Virgin Australia Qantas Profitability Ratio 2014 2013 2014 2013 Gross Profit /Operational profit -8.81% -2.48% -24.57% 1.25% Net Profit -8.30% -2.46% -18.52% 0.01% Interest to Sales ratio 2.79% 1.77% 1.86% 1.86% Return on Shareholder funds -33.93% -8.91% -99.20% 0.03% return on Assets -5.04% -0.60% -14.76% 1.49% Return on Capital Employed -13.69% -3.62% -38.52% 1.48% Based on the above figures it can be said that the performance of both the companies isnt quite encouraging. Both the companies have made losses in the last two years. This is highlighted by the negative profit margin ratios of the companies. It can be said that the losses made by Qantas have been higher than Virgin Australia in comparison to the sales. Further there is huge variation in the net profit margin in comparison to the gross profit of Qantas. In order to calculate the gross profit the operating profit of the company has been considered. The return ratios are based on the profit margin earned by the company and hence there has been negative return in case of capital employed, total assets and the equity employed by the shareholders. The capital employed is the difference of the total assets and the current liability. Further the return on the capital employed is measured in reference to the gross profit whereas the return on total assets and the shareholders equity is measured in terms of net profit made by the company (Vandyck, 2006). In this case as well there has been huge fall in the returns because of the huge losses made by the company. The situation is quite adverse for Qantas as although the equity employed has reduced the fall in the return has been higher than Virgin Australia. This shows that the company has made higher losses in comparison to Virgin Australia. Overall the profitability ratios highlight that both the companies have made losses in the two years and these losses are increasing substantially. The situation is more adverse of Qantas as not only the profitability has come down but there is drastic fall in the equity that has been employed. Liquidity Ratios The liquidity ratios highlight the ability of the company to meet the short term financial requirements of the company. The liquidity ratios that have been considered for the purpose of analysis have been shown below Virgin Australia Qantas Liquidity Ratio 2014 2013 2014 2013 Current Ratio 0.64 0.54 0.66 0.75 Operating Cash Flow ratio 0.00 0.07 0.14 0.21 Acid Ratio 0.62 0.52 0.61 0.69 The current ratio of both the companies is below one which means that the current assets of the company are lower than the current liabilities. This fall in current assets means that the needs of the current liabilities will be fulfilled by the non-current assets of the company. Further the acid ratio, signifying current assets available without considering the inventory, has been compared. The acid ratio is more dynamic in comparison to the current ratio as it considers more readily available cash and inventory isnt considered in this. There isnt much difference between the current ratio and the acid ratio for both the companies. Finally with respect to the operating cash flow it can be said that the operating cash flow for both the companies highlight the cash flow from operations contributing very little to meet the current liabilities. The liquidity ratios shown above highlight that both Virgin Australia and Qantas have not been able to meet the short term requirements and may be utilizing the non-current assets of the company (Brigham, 2010). The further analysis on this aspect can be highlighted by the horizontal and vertical analysis. This highlights that the non-current assets of Qantas have reduced considerably from 2013 to 2014. Further Virgin Australia has been able to improve on the performance with respect to current ratio over the two year period. As a result of this there isnt much impact on the non-current assets of the company. Lastly the cash availability is a huge concern for both companies. Cash is the major source of current assets of the company and it has the insignificant effect on the performance of the companies. The companies need to improve the liquidity ratios as any further dependency on the non-current assets would mean that the sales of the company may be impacted which would further agg ravate the situation. Efficiency Ratios The efficiency ratios highlight the effective utilization of the assets of the company. The efficiency ratios are measured with respect to the sales made by the company. The total assets that have been considered are the end of the year figures that are there at the end of the year. The various efficiency ratios that have been calculated are as follows Virgin Australia Qantas Efficiency Ratio 2014 2013 2014 2013 Sales Revenue : Capital Employed 1.55 1.46 1.57 1.19 Debtor turnover (Days) 25.79 23.56 28.44 32.96 Creditor turnover (Days) 48.55 51.84 35.33 42.86 Total Asset Turnover 0.92 0.88 0.89 0.79 Inventory Turnover 129.21 137.14 60.33 43.14 The efficiency ratios are quite important as it shows the extent to which assets have been employed and at the same time managed in order meet the cash flow requirements and the expenses of the companies. The sales to capital employed and the total asset turnover of the companies shows that both the companies have ensured that the sales are increased for the given capital that has been employed by the company. In case of Qantas the sales for the capital employed has been higher than Virgin Australia. Although there has been increase in the sales to capital employed has been increased, this increase is higher for Qantas. This means that the company has been quite efficient in generating sales from the capital employed. Further analysis has been made with respect to the debtor and creditor turnover. The analysis of both the ratios for Qantas shows that the there has been fall in both debtor and creditor turnover. There has been greater fall in the creditor turnover as the accounts payable by the company has come down (Vandyck, 2006). On the other hand considering the debtor and creditor turnover ratios of Virgin Australia it can be said that the difference between these ratios is higher than Qantas. Thus Virgin Australia has more efficiently utilized the debtors and the creditors. This must have contributed to the cash flow to a certain level. The inventory turnover ratio highlights that the inventory level of both the companies has been quite low and therefore most of the sales is generated and assets are employed from the effective current assets resources. This aspect has been highlighted the current ratios as well. A very important relation that has to be analyzed is with respect to the efficiency ratio and the liquidity ratio is that the efficiency ratios highlight the efficient utilization of the current assets or the maximizing of the cash flow which will considerably improve the liquidity of the company and thus improve the liquidity ratios (Brigham, 2010). The overall assessment of the efficiency ratios shows that the companies have been quite effectively generated the sales and managed the cash flow to a certain extent. The efficiency ratios for Qantas have been better in comparison to Virgin Australia. Gearing Ratios The gearing ratios highlight the level of leverage or debt that has been employed by the company. The gearing ratios that have been calculated are Virgin Australia Qantas Gearing Ratio 2014 2013 2014 2013 Debt to Equity 163.21% 148.13% 241.70% 129.20% Debt to Total Assets 36.56% 35.88% 40.00% 37.66% Loans: Capital Employed 62.01% 59.70% 70.73% 56.37% Interest Cover -3.16 -1.40 -13.19 0.67 Both the companies are highly leveraged as the debt has the major share in the capital structure of the company. Qantas is more leveraged in comparison to Virgin Australia. Further the debt to total assets ratio shows that the funding of total assets is almost similar for both the companies. This highlights that the debt has been employed to meet the other financial requirements of the company which can be the current liabilities (White, Sondhi Fried, 2002). This is highlighted by the other ratio wherein it has been specified that loans are more than 60% in the capital employed by the company. The interest coverage ratio is quite irrelevant in the present scenario as the companies have made loss. The overall study of the gearing ratios shows that the companies are excessively leveraged. In case of Qantas the debt contribution has almost doubled as a large number of investors withdrew the investment from the company. This excessive leverage of both the companies has impacted the performance of the companies as this not only resulted in additional expense in the form of interest but also resulted in limited scope of further employing debt and increasing the operations (Thompson, 2004). Market Ratios Various market ratios have to be analyzed in order to assess the performance of the company with respect to the viewpoint of the investors. The market ratios that have been considered are price to earnings ratio and the dividend yield. Both the companies have not given any dividend to the shareholders in the last two years. Further the analysis of the price to earnings ratio shows that the market value per share has come down. However the fall in the earnings per share has been higher. In case of Virgin Australia there is marginal increase in the price. Thus Virgin Australia has higher price to earnings ratio in comparison to the Qantas. This signifies that the investors does not consider that Qantas has better prospects in terms of returns than Virgin and thus the faith in Virgin has been maintained which is reflected in the share price. Overall the analysis of the market ratios shows that the Virgin Airlines has been the choice of the investors in comparison to Qantas. This may be due to the factors that have already been discussed and shows that market performance of the company is aligned with the financial performance of the company. From the viewpoint of the market as well it is better to invest in Virgin Airlines than Qantas. Horizontal Vertical Analysis and other considerations The horizontal analysis highlights the changes in the different aspects of the financial statement considering the year 2013 as the base year. The vertical analysis is the contribution of the different aspect in the total assets of the company. The horizontal analysis of Qantas shows that apart from liabilities all the factors such as sales, equity employed and the assets of the company have come down. On the other hand the performance of Virgin Australia in this aspect shows that although the company has made loss, there has been increase in the sales, assets and marginal fall in the equity (White, Sondhi Fried, 2002). Also the liabilities have increased marginally. The performance of Virgin Australia in the current year will be important The vertical analysis highlights that both the companies have similar structure. This is to say that the noncurrent asset of the companies has around 75% share in the total assets of the company. Further the share of inventory has been significantly low and will have no significant impact on the performance of the company. Further it is important to consider that the cash is major contributor to the current assets as the account receivable is also quite low. Thus both the companies have ensured that the cash level is maintained although the current liabilities arent fulfilled by this. Apart from the capital structure the analysis of the expenses of the company shows that the Virgin Australia had the expenses related to labor staff and the fuel expense. In case of Qantas the impairment of cash generating unit is significantly high. Considering this aspect it can be said that Virgin Australia has better scope of increasing the profitability by managing the operational expenses whereas in case of Qantas the accounting standards have impacted the expense and is likely to continue with less control over these aspects. Conclusion The overall analysis of the performance of the two companies shows that Virgin Australia has performed better than Qantas. The profitability ratios highlight that both the companies have made losses in the two years and these losses are increasing substantially. The situation is more adverse of Qantas as not only the profitability has come down but there is drastic fall in the equity that has been employed. The liquidity ratios shown above highlight that both Virgin Australia and Qantas have not been able to meet the short term requirements and may be utilizing the non-current assets of the company. The companies need to improve the liquidity ratios as any further dependency on the non-current assets would mean that the sales of the company may be impacted which would further aggravate the situation. Lastly the overall study of the gearing ratios shows that the companies are excessively leveraged. In case of Qantas the debt contribution has almost doubled as a large number of investors withdrew the investment from the company. Based on the analysis of the income statement it can be said that Virgin Australia has better scope of increasing the profitability by managing the operational expenses whereas in case of Qantas the accounting standards have impacted the expense and is likely to continue with less control over these aspects. The analysis of the market ratios shows that the Virgin Airlines has been the choice of the investors in comparison to Qantas. This may be due to the factors that have already been discussed and shows that market performance of the company is aligned with the financial performance of the company. From the viewpoint of the market as well it is better to invest in Virgin Airlines than Qantas. Overall the performance of the two companies has been quite similar in terms of the profitability, liquidity, efficiency and the gearing ratios. It can be attributed to the industry conditions as both operate in the same industry. However the analysis of the expenses of both the company shows the difference between the two companies. Considering all these factors the performance of the company may be considered below par. However the biggest strength of Qantas is its huge asset base. It is important for the company to ensure that the current asset base is maintained and certain strategic decisions are taken so as to ensure that further effect is not there on the performance of the company and the company is able to sustain. On the other hand Virgin Australia has to ensure that the certain operational changes are made to reduce the expenses that have been mentioned. References Bradshaw K., (2013), Financing your business: choosing between debt and equity, Available At: https://www.royalgazette.com/article/20130319/BUSINESS05/703199999 Charles K. Vandyck, (2006), Financial Ratio Analysis: A Handy Guidebook, Trafford Publishing White G.I., Sondhi A.C. Fried D., (2002), The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements, Wiley; 3 edition Bhattacharya H., (2004), Working Capital Management: Strategies and Techniques Brigham E.F., Ehrhard M.C., (2010), Financial Management: Theory Practice Thompson D.A., (2004), Sources of Business Financing, Available At: https://www.boyneclarke.com/resources/entry/sources-of-business-financing Helfert E.A., (1996), Techniques of Financial Analysis: A Practical Guide to Measuring Business Performance

PROJECT ON FISCAL POLICY AND REVENUE ALLOCATION IN INDIA ISSUES AND C

PROJECT ON FISCAL POLICY AND REVENUE ALLOCATION IN INDIA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 6. INTRODUCTION: In economics, fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and revenue collection (taxation) to influence the economy. Fiscal policy basically means by which a government adjusts its levels of spending in order tomonitor and influence a nation's economy. It is the sister strategy to monetary policy, withwhich a central bank influences a nation's money supply. In this specific project, I would be dealing with the Indian Fiscal Policy in specific. India has been one of the fastest growing economies in the last decade and has been very well able to maintain a robust economic growth in spite of the global economic recession that took place in 2009.In this present paper, I would like to discuss the aforesaid position in relation to the present fiscal policy and standing of our nation. India is currently reviewing its fiscal rules framework with a view to inform the design of a successor arrangement. After a decade of large and intractable fiscal deficits, India adopted a rules-based fiscal framework, the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBMA), in 2003. The FRBMAs stated objective is to ensure inter-generational equity in fiscal management and the fiscal sustainability necessary for long-term macro-economic stability. Indias states were given incentives by the Twelfth Finance Commission (TFC) to implement their own fiscal responsibility laws (FRLs) in the form of conditional debt restructuring and interest rate relief. With the FRBMA and FRLs only setting out targets until March 2009, the Thirteenth Finance Commission is currently reviewing Indias fiscal rules framework. In an economy, Fiscal policy occupies one of the most important positions along with the monetary policy. It controls and delineates the entire array of public expenses and public expenditure. In this project, I would talk about the present Indian fiscal position in regard to fiscal deficit measured by various economic indicators. Secondly, I have discussed about the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act of 2003 and the prevailing fiscal position before and after the FRBMA era. I only focused on the Central expenditure incurred by the Union Government, while at times; parameters regarding state fiscal position have also been stated. Thirdly, I have listed and described the Long term fiscal policy challenges. Fourthly, I elaborated on the Global Economic Crisis and its impact of the Indian economy, Indian fiscal policy in specific. I have tried to suggest some probable measures and outlooks that should be taken in order to deal with this crisis. In the conclusion, I have tri ed to sum up the general position of Indian fiscal policy and have tried to list some specific suggestion for its improvement. Revenue Allocation:- Revenue allocation is the distribution of revenue, or total income, through a business, corporate or government structure. It often involves a complex process of determining how and where to funnel revenues in order to best maintain the viability and operating structure of an organisation. I'm going to create a hypothetical company to base an example around. My company is in the pet services industry, and I manage a group of devoted professionals that includes animal groomers, nutritionists, trainers, and why not animal whisperers and psychologists. Of course, each of these management ventures is going to make me a nice amount of money. What I do with that money is a matter of revenue allocation. It's my responsibility to figure out how to best distribute my revenues across all areas of my business real estate, salaries, marketing, purchases, my own personal income over a set period of time. Do I fund all my branches equally? Do I focus on an underperforming branch in hopes that I can stimulate new business? These are the questions I'd have to ask myself. Moving on, the main issue with revenue allocation is that it's not an exact science and can be a source of conflict. Money is a hot-button topic after all, and you'll rarely find two people who can agree on how it should be distributed. Additionally, there are many documented instances of people deliberately mishandling revenues, and many tales of financial corruption contain an element of irresponsible revenue allocation. If you're interested in reading up on a real-world case of revenue allocationgone terribly awry, then

United Arabs Emirates

Introduction The United Arabs Emirates (hereafter referred to as the UAE) was formed in 1971 as a result of a merger by seven states which included Abu Dhabi, Ash Shariqah, Al Fujayrah, Abu Zaby, ‘Ajman, Umm al Qaywayn and Dubayy (Index Mundi para. 1). Abu Dhabi is the capital city of the UAE.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on United Arabs Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Over the past few decades, the UAE has undergone a significant economic transformation. Some of the factors which have contributed to the country’s economic growth over the past 3 decades relate to availability of sufficient oil resource and global finance (Index Mundi para. 1). During the 21st century, the UAE’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is ranked at par with those of the leading West European countries. However, during the period ranging from 2008 to 2009, the country’s economic growth was adversely af fected as a result of the collapse in real estate prices and the decline in oil prices. This situation forced a number of activists to petition the government to undertake a greater political responsibility. Over the years, the UAE has continuously adopted a moderate foreign policy stance which has enabled it to play a significant role in the economic transformation of the gulf region (Central Intelligence Agency para. 1). This paper is aimed at conducting an analysis of the UAE’s economy on the basis of various components such as its demographics, language, currency, political system, and predominant industries. The paper also analyzes the UAE’s economy on the basis of various economic factors such as nominal GDP, GDP per capita, unemployment and budget deficit. A description of the behavior of these economic indicators for a period of 20 years is also conducted. The paper also entails a historical analysis of the relationship between real GDP and labor productivity, real economic growth and labor productivity, real GDP and unemployment. A historical analysis of the relationship between inflation and real economic growth, inflation and money supply growth and unemployment and money supply growth is also conducted. Finally, the paper gives the relationship between the accounts in the balance of payments, average interest rates and the government budget balance. Demographics The UAE’s society is relatively cosmopolitan which is evidenced by the composition of its population. Approximately 19% of the country’s population are Emirati while 50% are South Asian and 23% are Iranians and Arabs. The remaining 8% of the population are composed of expatriates from different countries such as East Asians and Westerners.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The official language in the UAE is Arabic but some of the common languages spok en in the Emirates include Urdu, Hindu, English and Persian. Muslim is the major religion in the UAE with 96% of the citizens being Muslim while Hindu and Christians are only 4% (Central Intelligence Agency para. 5). The UAE has a national currency which is referred to as the UAE Dirham commonly abbreviated as AED (Central Intelligence Agency para. 6). Over the past decade, the UAE has undergone a significant population growth. The UAE’s population growth is estimated to be 3.282% (Central Intelligence Agency para. 6). In 2000, the UAE’s population was estimated to be 2, 369,153. During the period ranging from 2000 to 2006, the population of the Emirates grew at a steady rate from 2,369,153 to 2,602,713. However, from 2006 to 2007, the country’s population increased from 2,602,713 to 4,444,011 as illustrated by Figure 1. From 2006 to 2011, the population growth rate has been steady as illustrated by Figure 2. The population increased from 4,444,011 in 2007 to 5, 148,664 in 2011. Approximately 78.7% of the population are composed of individuals aged between 15-64 years. Of these, 2,968,958 are male while 1,080,717 are female. On the other hand, 20.4% of the citizens are aged between 0-14 years while 0.9% of the population are represented by individuals aged over 65 years. By 2005, the UAE’s population was estimated to be 5,148,664 (Central Intelligence Agency para. 6). Figure 1 Year ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 ‘10 ‘11 UAE 2.37 2.40 2.45 2.48 2.52 2.56 2.6 4.44 4.62 4.8 4.98 5.15 Figure 2 Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on United Arabs Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Source: Index Mundi http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?c=tcv=21 Political System Since its formation, the United Arab Emirates has managed to establish a distinctive national identity as a result of consolidation of the federal status of the seven states that form the UAE (Emirates para. 1). As a result, the UAE has managed to develop a substantial degree political stability. The UAE’s political system is unique in that it is a combination of modern and traditional systems. By merging the two systems, the Emirates has been able to maintain, adapt and preserve the best traditions. The ultimate effect is that the UAE has succeeded to develop an effective administrative structure (Emirates para. 1). Prior to formation of the UAE, each of the states had their own political system. To ensure success of the new state, the leaders decided to form a provisional constitution that outlined the allocation of powers to the new federal institutions. Through constitutional review, a federal system was instituted in 1996. The UAE’s federal system of government is composed of the following: A Supreme Council Cabinet (Council of Ministers) Federal National Council Parliamentary Body An Independent Judiciary Council of Ministers Each of the UAE’s state has its own ruler which makes it to be loose alliance. On the basis of the 1971 provisional constitution, each of the seven emirate states has reserved a number of powers and rights such as those related to control of minerals and revenues. The resultant effect shows that development of federal powers has been relatively slow (US Department of State para. 13). Through the constitution, the UAE has established the position of the President and the Vice President who are required to serve for a 5 year term. The Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister. The Federal National Council (FNC) is composed of 40 members some of which are appointed by the rulers while others are elected by an electorate which is selected by state rulers (US Department of State para. 13). The Cabinet is selected by the President in consultation with the Supreme Council. Additionally, each of the six states has its own local government (Emirates para. 6).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Predominant Industries In an effort to attain economic growth, the UAE adopted the concept of diversification of its economy. As a result, the United Arab Emirates has attained rapid industrial development. Diversification of industries in the UAE has played a critical role in the economic success of the country. There are a wide range of industries within the federation. The most important industries in the UAE include the chemical fertilizer industry, cement industry, oil and gas, aluminum, steel and cable industries. The UAE’s chemical fertilizer industry is a core component of the country’s economic growth. The industry’s growth arose from the foundation of the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). In its operation, the industry produces approximately 1,050 metric tons of ammonia and more than 1,500 metric tons of urea. The chemical fertilizer plant was formed in 1998 as a result of a merger between International Technical Trading Company of the UAE and SQ L of Chile. The cement industry is ranked amongst the oldest manufacturing companies in the United Arabs Emirates. Al Ittihad Cement Company was the 1st cement factory. Other factories have been constructed at Dubai, Fujairah, Ajman, Al Ain, umm al-Qaiwain and Sharjah. By December 1998, there were 9 cement factories within the UAE. One of the plants specializes in the production of Portland cement and another produces white cement. The capacity of 8 plants that specialize in the manufacture of Portland cement is estimated to be 9 million tones. The cement factories have provided direct employment to approximately 2,999 citizens. This represents an investment of approximately Dh 1.8 billion. Oil and gas are the major contributors to the UAE’s Gross National Product (GNP) and hence the country’s economic growth. On a regional scale, the UAE is ranked as the 3rd largest producer of natural gas and the 4th on a global scale. The UAE has a substantial amount of oil and gas reserves which enables it to meet its domestic and international demands. Abu Dhabi oil sector accounts for 85% of the total oil produced in the UAE. One of the factors which made Abu Dhabi to be a major oil producer is that it has both onshore and offshore oil fields. Abu Dhabi National Oil Company is charged with the responsibility of formulating oil production policies. However, oil production is conducted jointly with other international companies. The daily oil production within the UAE is estimated to be 2 million barrels. The most renowned gas and oil sectors in the UAE are located at Fujaira, Sharjah and Dubai. The aluminum industry is also a significant component of the UAE’s economy. The aluminum industry in the Emirates also contributes to the growth of other industries such as the aerospace and automotive industries. This arises from the fact that the success of these companies depend on the availability of aluminum for them to operate effectively. One of the larg est players within the industry is Dubai Aluminum Company. The firm produces more than 861,000 metric tons of metal. The UAE has a sufficient amount of aluminum to meet both the local and international demand. Moreover, the United Arab Emirates exports aluminum to more than 40 countries. The steel industry is also a core component of the UAE’s economy. The country has a number of steel plants, such as Ducast, International Quality Steel, Haji Siddique Foundry and Eurogulf Steel Industries. Economic Indicators In 2010, the UAE experienced a growth in the level of net exports, investment and private consumption. As a result, its nominal GDP increased from Dh 780 billion in 2009 to Dh 843 billion in 2010. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projected that the UAE’s nominal GDP will increase from $1.084 billion in 2010 to $1.402 billion in 2011 (MSN para. 1). With regard to GDP per capita, the UAE has a relatively high GDP per capita compared to other countries. GDP per capita of a country is obtained by dividing a country’s national output by its population. In 2010, the UAE’s GDP per capita was estimated to be $ 49,600. In 2011, the UAE’s GDP per capita increased to $66,626. This represents a significant growth in the country’s GDP per capita (Index Mundi 1). Currently, the UAE has a relatively low rate of inflation. However, the rate of inflation has been fluctuating over the past 3 years. In 2008, the UAE’s rate of inflation was 12.3% while in 2009 and 2010, the rate of inflation was 1.6% and 0.9% respectively. However, in 2011, the rate of inflation increased to 4.5%. Prior to attainment of its independence, the UAE’s economy was mainly driven by fishing and agriculture. The discovery of oil in the 1970s led to a significant economic growth. Currently, oil accounts for more than 35% of the country’s GDP. The UAE is ranked amongst the countries with the lowest rate of unemployment in the world. H owever, over the past decade, the Emirates has experienced an increment in the level of unemployment as illustrated in the chart below. By the end of 2010, the UAE’s rate of unemployment was reported to be 4.3%. Source: Trading Economics http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-arab-emirates/unemployment-rate In 2009, the UAE had a relatively high budget deficit which amounted to Dh 126.5 billion. The high budget deficit arose from the slum in oil prices which was experienced in 2009. Additionally, the high budget deficit was also a result of an increment in the government spending with regard to development (UAE Interact 1). In an effort to improve the country’s economic growth, the UAE’s government reduced its budget deficit to Dh 84.9 billion in 2010. In 2011, the UAE’s government projected that it would reduce its budget deficit with a margin of 53% by the end of 2012. If this is achieved, the country’s budget deficit will amount to Dh 1.82 bil lion (UAE Interact 1). The percentage of the UAE’s balance of payment in relation to GDP is relatively low. By the end of 2010, the UAE’s balance of payment as a percentage of GDP was 7.7%. The chart below illustrates the trend in the country’s balance of payment as a percentage of GDP from 2000 to 2010. Source: Trading Economics http://www.tradingeconomics.com/united-arab-emirates/current-account-to-gdp Over the past 20 years, these economic indicators have been fluctuating as a result of changes in internal and external factors such as globalization and industrialization. Additionally, the changes in these indictors have also arisen from adoption of various economic policies. For example, from 1980 to 2010, the UAE’s average balance of payment as a percentage of GDP has been relatively stable at 9.36%. However, the country’s balance of payment as a percentage of GDP reached its historical high in 1980 when it averaged 25%. On the other hand, the UAE balance of payment as a percentage of GDP reached its lowest level in 1994 when it averaged 0.1%. If the UAE experiences a high balance of payment as a percentage of GDP, its competitiveness in the international market declines (Trading Economics 1). This arises from the fact that the competitiveness of its products in the international market can be negatively affected. Real GDP and Labor Productivity There is a direct relationship between real GDP and labor productivity (Arnold 360). According to Arnold (360), growth in labor enables an individual or a firm to increase the level of its output. The resultant effect is that the probability of an increment in the level of real GDP is enhanced. The chart below illustrates the relationship between Real GDP and labor productivity. Source: http://www.swlearning.com/economics/econ_data/labor_productivity/labor_productivity_data.html Arnold (360) further asserts that change in average labor productivity is dependent on whether the ad ditional workers are productive compared to the existing ones. Therefore, if the additional workers are less productive, the average labor productivity will decline. On the other hand, if the additional workers are more productive, then labor productivity will increase. Arnold (360) asserts that it is only an increment in labor productivity that can result into an increment in real GDP. Based on this relationship, it is important for economies to focus on how to improve their labor productivity. One of the ways through which they can attain this is by investing in education and training. Additionally, labor productivity can be also enhanced by increasing the level of capital investment. Real GDP and Unemployment The relationship between unemployment and real GDP has been evaluated by a number of economists such as Arthur Okun. Okun asserted that there was an indirect relationship between real GDP and unemployment (Bell 135). In his study, Okun showed that the level of unemployment i n the US during the postwar period reduced with 1% for every 2.2% growth in real GDP. Okun illustrated the indirect relationship using the formula K= (Ya-Yu)/dU. Where Ya= actual economic growth. Yu= unemployment stabilizing growth rate dU= change in the unemployment rate. Another study conducted in Australia during the 1990s revealed that to stabilize the rate of unemployment with a margin of 1%, real GDP was to grow with a margin of 3.5% (the required rate of growth) plus 2.15% which represented the Okun coefficient. Therefore, real GDP had to grow with a margin of 5.65% annually. This relationship indicates that in order to reduce unemployment, the rate of real GDP growth has to be relatively high (Bell 135). Real Economic Growth and Labor Productivity One of the factors that contribute to a country’s economic growth is labor. Through combination of labor and capital, a country is able to create output. To increase labor productivity, it is imperative that each individual increases his or her level of output. This stimulates the rate of growth in a country’s labor productivity. The resultant effect is that a country’s rate of economic growth is enhanced. This means that there is a direct relationship between the rate of a country’s real economic growth and labor productivity. Inflation and Real Economic Growth According to Li (1), a country’s economic growth is adversely affected by high rate of inflation. However, the relationship between inflation and real economic growth is complex. For example, studies conducted by Easterly and Bruno in 1998 revealed that there was a nonlinear relationship between real economic growth and the rate of inflation. Findings of the study showed that at low rate of inflation, the nature of relationship was neither positive nor significant. Li (1) further asserts that high rates of inflation have a significant and adverse effect on a country’s rate of economic growth. Additionally, stu dies conducted by Easterly and Bruno also revealed that some countries experienced high rates of inflation of up to 20% and 30% while their economic growth was not adversely affected. However, when the rate of inflation exceeds a certain critical level, the rate of economic growth is adversely affected (Li 2). Inflation increases the level of uncertainty in an economy hence reducing the level of investment. The resultant effect is that the country’s economic growth is reduced. Inflation and Money Supply According to McMahon (para. 1), there is a direct relationship between the level of money supply and the rate of inflation. McMahon asserts that an increase in money supply (M1) results in an increment in the rate of inflation. The chart below illustrates the relationship between the rate of inflation and money supply in Australia during the period ranging from1985 to 2000. Chart 1 Source: http://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation/Money_Supply_and_Inflation.asp Chart 2 So urce: http://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation/Money_Supply_and_Inflation.asp From Chart 1, it is evident that the annual increment in money supply during the period from 1985 to 2000 ranged between 5% and 10%. In 2000, the level of money supply crashed before stabilizing. From Chart 2, the direct relationship between money supply and the rate of inflation is evident especially during the 1980s. However, during the 1990s, the relationship between money supply and inflation is not clear. This arose from the political changes that the country undertook which affected the rate of inflation (McMahon para. 1). On the basis of the relationship between inflation and money supply, it is evident that in order for an economy to attain a stable rate of inflation, it is critical that it maintains the level of its money supply at a relatively low point. Based on this relationship, if a particular economy adjusts its money supply, the result should be attainment of its natural unemployment ra te. This means that in the long run, it is possible for the natural rate of unemployment to coexist with any inflation rate. Therefore, there is no tradeoff that exists between the rate of inflation and unemployment. However, this tradeoff is only evident during the short run (Kennedy 209). There is also a strong relationship between the accounts in the balance of payments, average interest rate, and the government budget balance. If the balance in the current account is large, a country experiences high external indebtedness. Additionally, if the amount in the current account does not balance with that in the capital account, the average interest rate is affected. A number of empirical studies conducted reveal that there is a direct relationship between the amount accumulated in the current account and the rate of interest that a particular government pays in order to clear its debt. Historically, it has also been proved that economies have high current account deficit experience c urrency depreciation from time to time. Conclusion The paper has given an analysis of the UAE on the basis of various aspects such as its demographics, population growth, predominant industries and political system. These factors make the UAE to be a viable investment destination. The resultant effect is that the country’s economic growth will be enhanced. Additionally, the UAE’s economy has been also analyzed on the basis of various economic indicators. The paper also outlines the relationship between various economic variables such as real GDP and labor productivity, real GDP and unemployment, real economic growth and labor productivity, inflation and real economic growth, inflation and money supply and unemployment and money supply growth. Finally, the relationship between the accounts in the balance of payments, average interest rate, and the government budget balance is given. Works Cited Arnold, Roger. Macroeconomics. New York: Cengage, 2008. Print. Bell, Stephen . The Unemployment Crisis in Australia. Which Way Out? London: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Fact Book. 10 Nov. Web. Emirates. Government and Political System. 12 Dec. 2011. Web. IndeX Mundi. United Arab Emirates Economy Profile 2011. 12 July 2011. Web. Li, Min. Inflation and Economic Growth: Threshold Effects and Transmission Mechanisms. Alberta: University of Alberta, 2008. Print. McMahon, Tim. M1 Money Supply and Inflation: How Does M1 Relate to Inflation? 9 April 2009. Web. MSN. IMF Raises GCC Growth to 7.8%. 28 April 2011. Web. Trading Economics. United Arabs Emirates GDP per capita. 30 Dec. 2011. Web. UAE Interact. UAE Nominal GDP to Expand 8% in 2010. 10 June 2010. Web. US Department of State. Background Note: United Arab Emirates. 29 Dec. 2011. Web. This assessment on United Arabs Emirates was written and submitted by user Leo Erickson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Man

Man Professor Deering Writing 1 The three pieces of artwork that I chose throughout the book were "El Jaleo"‚  (PG337), "Journey Above The Clouds"‚  (PG268) and "Famous Women Singers"‚  (PG111). All of the following paintings have similarities and differences, the differences are the time the painting was produced, the type of painting and my overall thought of the painting. I will get into more detail about each painting later in the paper. The one similarity I noticed about all three of these painting is they are exceptionally beautiful. Each painting represents a different meaning in our culture.The first painting I chose was "El Jaleo"‚ . John Singer Sargent (1865-1925) painted "El Jaleo"‚ . The picture represents the Spanish culture, as there are men in the background of this picture playing the guitars with their hats tilted down, and one single female dancing to the music. When looking at the picture, you eyes are brought to the dress of the fema le.English: El Jaleo (1882), oil painting by John Sin...It clearly stands out in a bright white, while the rest of the picture is a dim black and gray. Although when looking closely at the picture, you do notice the slight hint of red that is what looks like more dancers. The painting consist of a lot of shadowing. I can imagine this painting going along with a slow tempo, soft melody, and amazing beats that the dancer could follow.The second painting that I chose was "Journey Above The Clouds"‚ . This painting by far is my favorite among the three that I chose. Casper David Friedrich (1774-1840) did the painting. To me, this picture represents accomplishment, achievement, and overall power. In the center of the picture, there is a single man, standing with one foot propped up against a larger rock, over looking the...

Reading assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reading assignment - Essay Example The Lord never forgets his people and he loves us very much. Even if you are suffering now, it will not be forever God will eventually rescue your from temptation. The Virgin Mary is also a strong sign of the almighty power and love the Lord has for humans. This is a sign of the marvelous things the Lord has planned for us. The narrator also discovers that the Lord made everything on the surface of the earth even the smallest thing; including a hazelnut. This indicates that we should only pursue to please the Lord since everything belongs to him. However, man has been known only to pursue earthly wealth. Only then can we be spiritually satisfied. The Lord loves us so much that He provides His followers with wisdom to better comprehend the world around them. That is what enables man to be innovative and to praise the name of the Lord for all he has provided us. Since the Lord made everything He has the urge of preserving his creations. That is why when an individual is sick and has faith, he/she shall be healed in the precious name of the Lord. The above facts show us that God is good and is associated with everything good. If you follow His ways, He shall protect you and guide

Globalization and the Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Globalization and the Environment - Essay Example There is also an element of double standards because most of the global corporations operating in developing countries belong to the west (Kwong 21). The author recognizes the positive impact of globalization as far as environmental development is concerned. Globalization promotes free trade. In an environment of free trade, a country is free to choose a trading partner and the best ways of exploiting her resources. Globalization promotes development of institutions that advocate efficiency in production. Such institutions design laws that protect environment in a business world. Globalization promotes competition amongst global firms, which invest in innovation and efficiency in production. Efficient technology promotes environmental conservation and sustainable growth. The curve is U-shaped and shows a positive affiliation between economic expansion and environmental dilapidation, for example, pollution, before the curve’s turning point. From the turning point, there is a negative relationship between pollution and economic growth and development. The curve is important because it shows the important of globalization as far as environmental development is concerned. I support the author’s arguments. This is because they explain the real situation in the global economy. For example, in the developing countries, economic growth increases with the increase in pollution. On the other hand, pollution within developed countries decreases as the level of development increases. This is because companies adopt innovative technology in production, which enhances environmental

Understand Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning Essay Example for Free

Understand Inclusive Learning and Teaching in Lifelong Learning Essay 1.1 Summarise Learning and teaching strategies used in own specialism Within my own specialty field having a variety of teaching methods and strategies to potentiate learning is an absolute requirement. The field caters to people from all kinds of backgrounds and levels of education so it must be flexible and adaptable enough to appeal to its varied audience. It is usually taught following a mix of teaching methods that focus on different learning strategies, and can be identified as being an â€Å"Interactive Lecture† with some slight variations. It usually starts with a short lecture that lasts for approximately 15 minutes and usually contains a metaphor, as a way of introducing the subject and determining the boundaries by which the session is going to be ruled and also a list of natural examples, that is, situations or contexts where the particular topic being taught could be applied. Demonstrations follow so as to allow the students to familiarize themselves with the concepts to be studied in any given class, and also to give them the opportunity to see first hand what the topic being demonstrated means and gives them a rough idea of what steps are to follow. These demonstrations usually take only form 5 o 10 minutes and can be demonstrated by the teacher on a voluntary student or it can occur in the form of Video, where another teacher or practitioner of the craft demonstrates the topic of the class. Discussion between the students about what they have seen, is a very useful part of assimilating what has been observed in the demonstration and it is also a way to check and evaluate if the students have understood what was going on during the demonstration and check if they have been able to recognize the steps followed during the demonstration to achieve the end result. Getting the students to put into Practice their learning is another way to immediately test their understanding and capability at carrying out what was demonstrated during the demonstration. This can be replaced by a Small Group Task, or a group or individual project where the students can test their skills in carrying out parts of what the demonstration entailed in addition of providing further information and develop their interaction skills within a team. More small group discussions occurs after the students get to practice what they saw in the demonstration, where they get to comment and talk about difficulties, challenges and opinions in regards to how they found putting to practice and finally share their conclusions with the class. The teacher ends the class by a small lecture style talk where s/he summarizes the key points reached during the class, and gives closure to the subjects of the session. 1.2 Explain how approaches to learning and teaching in own specialism that are inclusive and meet the needs of learners A number of students that attend courses within my own field of specialism are blind, colour blind, dyslexic, or present some kind of â€Å"learning disabilities†. Something that is always taken into account, are the learning strategies of the students that participate in any given class, their particular learning needs and other requirements that might be needed to support them in their learning process, this information is discovered through an initial questionnaire at the start of the course. With activities that require interaction with colour or visual elements, the games/activities are adapted or modified in order to compensate for the barrier or disability/ies some particular students might present, by utilizing other senses as a way to replace the visual/colour component. Adapting other materials, activities and games, bringing in flexibility to the exercises is part of the process to teach in my own specialism that are inclusive and meet the needs of the learners. 2.1 Explain how to select resources that meet the need of learners Selecting the resources that meet the needs of the learners is a constant process of consistent evaluation and change. Some of the factors that can influence the teaching methods utilized in any given context are the level of knowledge and the level of commitment of the participants, which links with the level of responsibility they are able to cope with on their own, in addition to their preferred learning system/style, or any other physical, cultural, hearing, language or learning needs. Things such as the class environment and resource/teaching budget are also important; resources can be costly so establishing a sharing scheme or setting up small groups per resource can also be a good idea if it is not possible to find a suitable cheaper alternative. The characteristics of the room Hand-outs are one of the resources that can be provided in the form of notes, extra information, the student ´s can always look back and refer to, when their preferred learning strategies are visual. Worksheets, books, flipcharts, printed quizzes in addition to textbooks and journals are also wonderful ways to potentiate learning through the visual sense, Whiteboards, blackboards, PowerPoint presentations, digital cameras, software, YouTube, other hardware or equipment and Moodle are more interactive ways of learning and their effectiveness depends on the suitability of methods for promoting learning. Knowing enough about the possibilities available and having the skill to confidently utilize it for it to be effective is also important, in addition to the fact that a constant evaluation system should always be in place with the purpose of being able to make rapid changes whenever a teaching method does not have the results expected, and to find out what is effective and useful for any particular set of students. 2.2 Explain how to provide opportunities for learners to practise their literacy, language, numeracy and ICT It is possible in my field, (NLP, Presentation Skills and performance enhancement) to present students with opportunities that require them to practice their literacy, language, numeracy and ICT skills in a variety of ways. Students are usually required to prepare some class with some recommended reading books, journals or articles, (depending on the particular aims of the course), occasions where they are able to practice their literacy and language skills. As communication is a key element in my field, the necessity for them to develop excellent Language skills is key, as it also requires preparation, as elements of clear enunciation, focusing and the design of presentations are usually present in most of the courses within this field. Numeracy skills are in most cases inherent as activities have to be very well timed and managed, and participants usually apply them within their own contexts and backgrounds at the same time they apply the skills learned during my courses, therein, time management, organizational skills and also an adequate level of numeracy are required. Through the skills learned during the course, a higher level of focus can be dedicated to reaching high performance states which in case where a student might have difficulties with numeracy, if s/he so desires, s/he could have the choice to choose it s a context and create a correlation between a particular high performance state (different from their usual nervous/uncertain state) and numeracy. Students can develop or practice their ICT skills through the recommended online research and utilization of many online resources (forums, articles, blogs) that are available online for students, free of charge, in addition to having to prepare (in some courses), rough drafts for presentations to be handed in. 3.1 Explain ways to engage and motivate learners in an inclusive learning environment There are many ways to engage and motivate learners in an inclusive learning environment. First of all, as per the teaching and learning cycle, it is important to identify needs that could be fulfilled or covered in any particular way, for that it would be a requirement to have a target audience so as to be able to study, search and find what the potential target audience could want. Finding out what is of interest to them, so as to be able to develop an appropriate teaching strategy is crucial in order to engage and motivate learners, examples should be relevant to them. Ideally the competencies or skills to be taught could be taught through a utilization of content that is of interests them. We call â€Å"flora† many different types of flowers, they all have the same structure (form), a stem, a pistil, petals, pollen, etc.; but the shapes (content) they take are very different, a Lily looks very different from a Rose and from a Bird of Paradise, a Daffodil or a Cherry Blossom. In the same way, by keeping the intention (purpose/form) of an exercise the same and giving it a shape (content) that is of interest to the students, there is a higher possibility of getting the interest of the students, thus engaging them and motivating them to participate in the activity/ies planned for the session. Realizing, recognizing and acknowledging the differences between students, and respecting those differences, adjusting explanations, language and resources to include all participants is bound to also increase their engagement in the topic being covered. Acknowledging and recognizing the achievements of the students in the process of achieving the â€Å"big goals† and reminding them of the goals that are to be reached at the end of the course while involving them in the process of taking responsibility for their own goals and reasons for being in the course. Providing the students and participants with clear, specific and useful feedback that addresses specific areas or details that are lacking or would need further revision or study, with instructions of how to improve them or overcome them, is another responsibility of the teacher which potentially has great results in involving and engaging the participants of a course. 3.2 Explain ways to establish ground rules with learners to promote respect for others It is important for the facilitators of learning to establish an appropriate micro culture within the members of a class. The way students interact with their environment, with each other (psychological climate) and the interactions between students and teachers sometimes must be defined and agreed to since the start in order to avoid misunderstandings or problems due to â€Å"assuming† that a set of ground rules were â€Å"obvious† and â€Å"logical†. These sets of behavioural rules, determined in consensus by the class during a session dedicated specially to designing these rules could include punctuality, part of this can be represented by arriving to class on time, respecting time allocated for breaks, (coming back on time) and ending class at the finishing time, unless a special project or other activity is taking place which would take a few more minutes. Coming prepared to class is a very important ground rule, that would include bringing to class the materials (books, notes, pens, paper, etc) recommended by the teacher and having brought in homework, having studied or revised the learning materials in order to be a participative element in the class, by talking in turns, providing responses and sharing point of view in class. In the same topic, another ground rule to take into account in the subject of participating in class is to listen and respect the opinions and arguments of other classmates or teachers, even if those opinions differ from ones own, note that respecting does not mean â€Å"having to agree†, it simply means that the topic of disagreement or discordance is open for discussion, sometimes to be expanded on at a later time. Participation in class, or the voicing of opinions, questions or doubts is essential for ensuring the concepts covered in class are well understood, it is capital to note that there must be an element of trust and confidentiality within the group so as to be able to talk freely without fear or recrimination or judgement. If feedback is to be provided in any kind of occasions it must be done in a respectful manner, with appropriate language. Following upon the concept of respect, the respect for the study/learning time is essential and can be demonstrated by switching off (or putting on silent, all electronic equipment that is not needed during the class; that includes telephones, music players, iPads, tablets, computers, and all other electronic devises that could be a disturbance to the progression of the session. These rules are to be followed and reinforced within the group though the discussion and sharing these responsibilities, emphasizing how these ground rules are to help and support not only the teacher, but the students, in the learning process.

Management Principles at Tesco

Management Principles at Tesco Introduction The organisation which we have taken for the study is Tesco Express the sub brand of Tesco Plc. In our study we are going to identify, describe and evaluate the following management area of Tesco Plc, where we will be involving Marketing Principles to give proper management report on the basis of below strategies: The Organisation Orientation The competitive advantage of the organisation The Impact, positive and negative of the organisations Marketing Mix Management report of Tesco Express- Strength, weakness and improvements that will help to maintain competitive advantage in near future Origin of Tesco Tesco Plc the leading Britain retailer among the top three retailers in the world. They are operating 3700 stores among the world and they have employed around 470,000 employees. They are operating in 14 countries and they are UK, Republic of Ireland, India, China, Japan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Malaysia, Poland, Slovakia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, and USA. Tesco Plc was started by Jack Cohen in 1919 and the name Tesco was first appeared in the shop in Edgware in 1929 since the company has grown they were implementing their innovation in different business. Jack Cohen founded Tesco and his first day profit was  £1 among his  £4 sales on selling a grocery from the stall in East London. In the year 1924 the first in-house brand of Tesco has launched and they named that product as Tesco Tea. The names come from the initial of TE Stockwell, who was a partner in the tea supplies and the CO from Jack Cohens Surname. In the year 1932 Tesco stores limited have changed to Tesco private Limited Company. Tesco the brand which have changed their way they do business so fundamentally in each and every part of its company. Because of this change they have done in to business which also includes the loyalty management. For that they have taken a different expertise among the world as the earliest and that they have that named as Clubcard. Tesco joined with DunnHumby and created a Clubcard to tracks the buying behaviour of their 13 million customers, through recording and tracking consumption data from shopping bills. Tesco and DunnHumby have jointly built, maintain and mine a rich customer database with information. The Organisations Orientation: Their core business logic is to satisfy their needs and wants of the customers. The production department when starts to manufacture the product, it focuses on the promotion, distribution, pricing etc. How Tesco Express implemented its Market orientation: It overall beats the competition in producing the best quality product to the end users with great customer satisfaction as mentioned below: Flexibility Plan and goal setting Managerial and interpersonal skills Flexibility Tesco Express is widely opened across the cities in UK and gives options to many consumers to shop easily. In total there are around 150 shops which is great benefit to the consumers. They have introduced online trading where customers can place an order and buy it without any hindrance. Self billing has been bought up to avoid queues, saves time and energy, people can use the self bill system and pay by themselves and also introduced Club cards in which they can measure sales and improve accordingly by collecting database. Plan and goal setting- Every organisation has its own plans and works only with the setting right goals at right time. Plans are to maximise sales and profits, maintains No 1 retail store in UK. Targets competitors and remains as a market leader, provides goods/services that are cheap and affordable to public. Business plans and modules are followed to achieve respective goal. Each objective has deadlines to meet so they have to meet their set objective within the stipulated period of time. E.g., Point of sale is an important merchandising activity to remind, people to stock up, just in case, a different product in categories has been brought together under Barbecue Theme, and a sale tends to increase. With the exceptions of meat, Tesco Express has brought all its barbecue products together under one category in store in order to promote sales and profits. Managerial and interpersonal skills Good managerial and interpersonal skills determine good business, we will explain one by one. Managerial skills- It means that one who takes responsibility in handling set of teams and everyone has to report to him/her. One who completes the task within stipulated period of time so that every other staff members can be motivated and then work effectively and efficiently. Tesco express handles sensibly in this department as it has to deal with the customers directly. Good managers will follow the prescribed plan and work accordingly. Interpersonal skills- Communication is nothing but exchanging words with one and another and it is must in any field. Good communication can become good leaders. When handling customers of different regions, each one has different style of speaking so Tesco express handles this part very well. Once staff members have good communication skills it automatically enhances and builds relationships. Marketing: Marketing is the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. (C.I.M, 2001) In this cut throat competition, Tesco innovations and re-innovates the new product as per the marketing environment in comparison with its fellow competitors. Healthy competition gives the best outcome of the product like price and quality. The main aim is to maximize customers value as a source of competitive advantage. Tescos Marketing Concept It congregates the customer needs, wants and preferences more effectively and more closely than competitors like ASDA, Sainsbury WM Morrison supermarket. The basic philosophies of the organisation are production and sales, it integrates the various activities like production, selling, distribution promotion, advertisement and human resource management in a profitable way for the service of the customers. Production: Focuses on the goods where quality matters and profit is gained on the volume of sales. Quality should be maintained in all the stages of production The company which offers around 1000 products under their own brand Tesco. Comparatively they are quality oriented and price oriented. These products are mainly targeted customer daily needs. They are following exact market economics to market their products. Sales: Even Tesco has its own products in Tesco express also they sell products from different brands too. While comparing with other products Tesco products is more cost effective and with high quality. Tesco Express is one of emerging sub brand in the UK is offering the customer to minimise their shopping time. New innovation has been brought in the form of advanced technology for the customers to generate and pay their own receipts by them. Goals have been divided into 3 different sets Once it sets up the plan with the right objective, the next strategy is to maximise sales with customer satisfaction. Let us take through with 3 different sets of goals. The organisation recognises the market movements of its competitors in order to maintain good mindset in peoples mind. It strives hard to satisfy customers needs, preferences and taste which is very big task. The last and foremost goal is carried out in the internal management to increase productivity with great coordination among staff members who works as a team. Let us concentrate on planning aspects with involving planning strategies as discussed below. Marketing Planning: Turning strategies into implementable action and it is a detailed written statement where each and everyone in the organisation must follow the principles and guidelines and act accordingly. Planning is decide in advance what to do and what not to do, planning plays a vital role in the supermarket division as it deals with FMCG products, in day todays business the sales increases rapidly when everything goes according to plan. Internal and External Environment Key Aspects Where are we now? Significant improvement has shown in identical market in UK Marketing Audit Market Research Environment Analysis How did we get there? They got there simply because of good performance which was solid. Where are we heading and where do we want to be? Tesco express has strived to achieve the highest standards to ensure the long-term access to quality products and maintain their position as the UKs number 1 supermarket. Tescos aim is to keep customers happy, to achieve high profit margins, to motivate workers, expand its marketing strategies, and support economic issues and to be friendly towards the environment. Tesco aims to cover every conceivable part of the consumer base with management controls with review procedures. How might we get there? It has good marketing mix strategies and implements successfully. By doing so it has reached heights by giving services to consumers. Let us talk about the Positioning of Tesco Express In earlier days Tesco did not have the brand name but when sales started picking up and demand was on higher side, it did not compromise quality in order to reduce price and it is very convenient to the customers to purchase products as quality of products are available. Once customers got an idea how good Tesco is then Tesco gained its brand name. With the brand name Tesco started to experiment the products with greater profits and then it is managing the customers with great customer loyalty. Philosophy of entire marketing mix hinges with good positioning and failed to do so creates unsound positioning. Positioning Strategies Reasonable price Good quality More and variety of Products Clearance sales Weekend offers and Festive offers Keys to successful positioning are based on competitiveness, successful positioning, creditability and consistency. Repositioning of product Takes place when positioning of products declines Change in customer tastes and preferences New competitors enters the market Competitive advantage of the organisation Jack Welch, former CEO of GE says, If you dont have competitive advantage, dont compete. (Jobber 2007:773) In the face of global competition and cut throat competition, there are many competitors are growing day by day and the rule of survival for the fittest comes into picture. Companies are forced to survive by increasing the production and sales at a better rate. With todays technology changing day by day organisation has to put the best foot forward to stay and compete. As a result they gain enormous experience to handle different sets of consumers and their buying habits Marketing is all about to generate transactions and to generate relationships. No organisation stands alone in the market without competitors; the company cannot develop its products by developing the product range and its features but also faces the competitive environment of the market. The factors which analyse the changing economic environment of the trading community and it react accordingly. The competitors also influences various factors such as success or failure of a business in any market conditions, this is why it is important to consider systematically a number of aspects of competitive behaviour. Competitive analysis is a systematic approaching in understanding the key factors of the planning strategy in terms of objectives, resource allocation and implementation through the marketing mix. A good understanding of these factors reveals the organisation to be in a stronger arena in building and sustaining foundations for the firm to hold its position to maintain the reputation in the longer run. When competitors are identified, the probability of forming them into clusters, depending on focus and strategy. The outcome of the identified clusters identifies strong and weak competitors in each group which can be considered as the strategic opportunities defined. These are the number of different characteristic that can be used for identifying strategic segments, which in turn provides a useful framework for evolving opportunities in business environment that leads to an order of implementing organisational behaviour techniques of competitors data that relies on financial performance of the segments served in marketing strategies. The arch rival of Tesco express is Costcutter because they are the one who have similar marketing policies to overcome its rival. Tesco Express is spread all over the United Kingdom with in and around 1000 outlets but Costcutter is with 1600 outlets. Comparatively Tesco express and Costcutter got the same logic of attracting their customers to sell best quality with reasonable price. However when we analyse the competitive advantage of Tesco to overcome its fellow competitors with new innovation called Auto billing and paying system but Costcutter lacks with that facilities. Opening as well as closing times varies with Costcutter as it is opened 24 hours open and Tesco express opens from 6am in the morning and closes 10pm in the night. So all we can say is that they are the perfect competitors with having leads and falls with each other in different facts. Tesco express is using different segmentations to make the Tesco express successful among their competitors and their segmentations are geographic, usage and loyalty; On geographic segmentation they categorise their shops according to the market. They mostly were concentrating on the region where they can have the more people who are be the bread and butter consumer that means people who wants to buy one or two products at that specific period of time. Theres a brand familiarity that you dont always get from a local store and the concept is familiar through use of the superstore predecessor. On usage segmentation being an express the range is limited and choice or very little and the price is bit higher than its own Tesco extra. On the loyalty segmentation they have just been the successor of the concept called Clubcard. They have track the customers with the card and it make them to analyse to find the exact need of customer and they serving them according to their needs. Marketing objectives of Tesco Express as follows: Tescos Marketing Objectives The main aim is to retain customer satisfaction and maintain number 1 Retail Company in the UK To maximise sales and profit To provide reasonable price to the consumers Marketing Environment Marketing environment and its influences It has been divided into 2 different categories based on 4ps Micro Environment Macro Environment Micro Environment has been divided into 4 divisions namely Suppliers Distributors Competitors Customers Macro Environment has been divided into 5 divisions namely Socio Cultural Environment- Factors affecting demographic structure of the population, lifestyles, attitudes, cultures, issues of public and private concerns, tastes and demands Technological Environment- Creates new product opportunities and improve production Economic Environment- It determines demand and supply chain Political and legal Environment- Rules, laws and regulations are operated as per the Government bodies. Ex: Smoking in public places Ecological Environment-Factors such as global warming, pollution, recycling, packaging etc. Macro environment with Tescos principles Socio Cultural Environment- Brassington and Pettitt has given definition regarding Demographic, where he briefly explains that it is the study of the measurable aspects of population structures and profiles including factors such as age , size, gender, race, occupation and location. Tesco express has widely opened across and also outside UK to satisfy customer needs and preferences. It represents the strength and weakness. There are wide range of products to satisfy all ages and all classes of people. It broadens tastes and demands according to peoples lifestyle and their expectations. If it does not satisfys then customers can lose interest and faith. Technological Environment When an organisation uses more and more different techniques then flexibility comes into picture. Tesco express operates paperless transactions. It brings out new innovation strategies to market the product as per the existing environment. The recent one which it has introduced new way of billing system call, Till , where customers can pick, pack and invoice themselves.. This new system has given new dimensions to the customers to save an extra time. Market research is carried out on a regular basis where an organisation collects information with the respect to the customer focus Economic Environment In this Economic environment two keywords which handle the whole market are demand and supply. When there is a demand in the market supply increases automatically, this will have a huge impact in the business environment. They concentrate on the factors affecting economic business and monitor them in order to overcome. Political and legal Environment Each and every organisation concentrates on the government laws, rules and regulations. Tesco Express follows strict rules and regulations and gives out warning signals to the customers. It also gives smoking free environment. E.g., Smoking is prohibited. Ecological Environment It aims to set up a greenery environment in the form of waste, packaging, recycling, and also cutting carrier bag use. It converts waste into an energy source and reduces the amount of waste going to landfill by over a third and works on waste targets scheme which are reviewed and reported every week. We have taken examples of two like packaging and recycling. If we take packaging with the product name called Eggs. Packaging helps to protect and preserve food for longer duration and promotes the product to reach the customers in the best condition. Recycling facilities are available in all our markets except China and Turkey. Tescos future plans are to implement recycling facilities even in respective countries as mentioned to have a global impact in the marketing environment. In UK we have 600 recycling centres of our larger stores. Last year we helped customers to recycle approximately 200,000 tonnes. Market Segmentation The identification of groups of individuals or organisations with similar characteristics that will have significant implications for the determination of marketing strategy. (Jobber 2004) Segments can be defined on the basis of Tesco principles Customer Satisfaction- customers can be pleased all the time because all the products are available under one proof so chances of pleasing them will be on higher note. They dont target individuals indeed they target on the whole. Customers have variety of products to choose and satisfy their preferences. E.g., Products are sold to all age groups with reasonable price and with most importantly good quality Methods of Segmentation Geographic: It targets customers as per the location, country and also takes into consideration whether it is Rural and Urban. Before it opens any new branches, it undergoes market survey based on the customers potential within the respective location. It also makes sure that for which county products are produced, plans for the available resources so that can be used up to the fuller extent, different sets of people has different taste and preferences according to their lifestyle. E.g., In China people have different lifestyles when compared to UK. Demographic: Once it does sets up the business by creating a layout of the geographic successfully, now the next part is to introduce product based on the marketing analysis which includes people age, sex, race, income, occupation, socio-economic status. It collects complete database and then goes forward. Surveys are conducted at regular intervals with the interest of not losing customers focus and interest. This reduces the negative impact on the organisation. Geo-Demographic: Geo- Demographic is nothing but the combination of geographic and demographic. Organisation works on the purchasing behaviours of the people. Once it gathers the available date by doing research in first and second stage and then works as per the prescribed plan. Postcode systems can assist agencies in the new business development, customer profile and identification. Psychographic: Tesco divides the market on the basis of life style and personality of the consumers. It targets people of all ages with their requirements. From grocery, eatables, liquor Mission Every business has its goals/objectives and works on directions set by the management. No firms can succeed without objectives and tagline of Tesco is, Every little Helps. This tagline has created a realistic statement which is motivating and creates intent in the organisation. The realistic purpose is to provide focus and direction through the conduct of the business. Marketing Mix An Effective marketing mix Tesco compromises on price and does not compromises on quality More demand and more supply. Customer loyalty The Impact, positive and negative of the Tesco Express marketing mix Marketing mix is divided into 7ps but let us concentrate on 4ps which as follows. Promotion Place Price Product We will critically discus 4ps in the following stages: Promotion Promotion is generally referred as awareness created towards the introduction of new product and also the availability of the existing product by means of selling activities and advertising. The main aim of promotion is to spread awareness of the products, uses and benefits. It helps the organisation to position their products in the market to reach customers. The effective tool of promotion of Tesco Express is in the form of television and email adverts, message should be clear and simple so that it can reach the targeted audience by creating a desired response. There are different types of promotions such as advertising, personal selling, public relations and sales promotions. Promotional strategy One of the Tescos key strategies in the promotional activity is, Clubcard loyalty scheme where it has been a huge success and in turn their market share has been increased. This change has led them to be a market leader. They were giving best and competitive prices to the market, products like fresh vegetables, fish, chicken , mutton, beef and all sorts of necessary day to day needs which were outsourced from the farmers , fish, mongers , butchers directly. They have opened number of convenience stores in every possible place and therefore have a good appeal to a huge number of customers in the market environment. Advertising It can be defined as any paid form of non-personal promotion transmitted through a mass medium. The sponsor should be clearly identified and the advertisement may relate to an organisation, a product or a service. The key difference, therefore, between advertising and other forms of promotion is that it is impersonal and communicates with large numbers of people through paid media channels. (Ref 1) Each and every organisation will advertise for the products produced, Tesco has always gives ads saying that they sell cheapest product in the whole of UK and it is one of the cheapest selling supermarket, where they claim that the price of the products is at least a penny less than their competitors firm in the advertisement featuring Prunella scales and Jane Horrocks comparing bills between Tesco and other stores. Stringent rules has to be followed when it is giving comparative advertising as per UK governments rule and abides the body for advertising standards, the Committee of Advertising Practice as listed in the rules and regulations act. They also have different advertisement taglines called, Every little helps, We sell for less, 1 billion pounds off, is youre nearest the dearest, Low prices every day because we sell 10000 everyday. There have been many advertisement campaigns stating that their products are cheaper to their direct competitors. Sales Promotion According to the institute of sales promotion, sales promotion is: A range of tactical marketing techniques designed within a strategic marketing frameworks to add value to a product or service in order to achieve specific sales and marketing objectives.(Ref 3) The store offers a wide range of promotional offers in various times, if they open a store they would give away vouchers having a  £2.00 discount on every  £6.00 spent for every passerby, club card members, computer tokens for schools. Below are the examples of New Year sales promotion. Examples of the New Year promotions offers include: Danepak Maple Cure Back Bacon 220g, was  £3.00, now  £1.50 Extra Large Pineapple, was  £3.00, now  £1.50 Dolmio Original Bolognese Pasta Sauce 750g, was  £2.12, now  £1.06 Princes Tuna Chunks In Brine 4X185g, was  £5.39, now  £2.69 Maryland Choc Chip Hazelnut Cookies 150g, was 86p, now 43p. Kelloggs Special K Oats and Honey 425g, was  £2.87, now  £1.40 Pampers Baby Wipes Sensitive Refill 63, Buy One Get One Free,  £2.29 Technika 24 Full HD TV with Free View DVD, was  £279.97, now  £229.97 Acer 4GB, 15.6 Laptop, was  £497, now  £397 Garmin Sat Nav, 215W, was  £149.97, now  £99.97 Public relations and publicity: Stanley (1982, p. 40) defined PUBLIC RELATIONS as: A management function that determines the attitudes and opinions of the organisations publics, identifies its policies with the interests of its policies with the interests of its publics, and formulates and executes a programme of action to earn the understanding and goodwill of its publics. Tesco maintains a good relation with the customers as per the sources, they have responded to query in time and they have attended to every problem faced by the customer, compromising on quality is not possible but most times they compromise on price. Good coordination is maintained even with their suppliers to maintain high standards. It also involves in wide range of charity operations. E.g., Ref 5 Public relations(Ref 6) Tesco uses a range of Public Relations firms including: Weber Shandwick Worldwide; 72 Point (part of the SWNS Group the UKs biggest independent press agency); CHA, the workplace communications consultancy; Good Relations;142 GGK Public Relations (Poland);143 The Maitland Consultancy. Lawson Lucas Mendelsohn (LLM)144. Marketing communications budget: Pickton and Broderick (2001, p. 67) define integrated marketing communication as .a process which involves the management and organisation of all agents in the analysis, planning, implementation and control of all marketing communications contacts, media, messages and promotional tools focused at selected target audiences in such a way as to derive the greatest economy, efficiency, effectiveness, enhancement and coherence of marketing communications effort in achieving predetermined product and corporate marketing communications objectives. (Ref 7) So we have discussed about promotion and then we will concentrate on place. Place Place means where the organisation is set up and it depends on distribution channels and market research. The main responsibility of the is to reach the product to the customers in the right time and at the right place. Good channel strategy highlights the growth of the company. Tesco express has different distribution channels, like most other retailers they draw the products from their suppliers to their regional warehouses or distribution centres which is then prepared to be delivered to their stores. In an idea to reduce their prices and improve their reliability of the products they have extended their logistics practice by collecting directly in their factories and to their suppliers. They are using 3 types of transport in order to reach the customers early. Ex we have taken road, rail and canal Road In response to the fear of over congestion of roads and a huge increase in fuel prices and concern over its carbon foot print Tesco are switching of their supply chains to alternative modes. Rail The Eddie Stobart group partnered Tesco in distribution of its products in the year 2006. Canal The Tesco started using the Manchester ship canal in 2007 to ship wine from Liverpool to a distribution facility in Manchester. The wine is previously offloaded from the south coast so that it completely avoids the road traffic. Market coverage Ensuring that the product is made available through appropriateintermediariesso that: (a) the potential customer can access it as easily as possible; and (b) the product is properly displayed, sold and supported within thechannel of distribution. Market coverage might involve intensive distribution, selective distribution or exclusive distribution. (Ref8) According to Tesco express they target on a place where it is easily accessible and effective they setup stores or acquire the existing stores in that area they have been successful with that kind of strategy, they do a lot of ground work dating back from the customers and then to the aisle rows, they are frequently replacing the items which are sold out. Specific channel members In the Tesco the channel members are appointed by the company itself where each one of the member in that board has a specific area to cover where the price negotiation, order approval and all the other necessities are taken care. Each department in the Tesco has its own head where the deciding authority is that person so they do-not have any intermediaries it is all B2B dealings. They outsource it directly from the producers. Warehousing Warehousing is an important link in the physical distribution chain. It enables goods to be stored and subsequently moved according to customer demand. The type and role of the warehouse will vary according to the demands of the products. (Ref 9) In this part the Tesco has been playing an completely efficient and an more organised way of warehousing they are frequently being refurbished with the products. There are a number of warehouses situated in the places which are easily accessible for the stores maybe it a superstore, express, extra or a metro. Product Product means commodity offered for sales and it gives be benefit to customers. We often distinguish between product and services, service mainly on tangible products. It also means physical products which satisfy the customer needs and preferences. While other competitors in the market, product sh